A drug test is a technical analysis of a biological specimen - urine, hair, blood, sweat, or oral fluid / saliva - to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites. Drug tests in the United States can be divided into two general groups, federal mandated and general workplace. Federal mandated drug testing
started when President Ronald Reagan enacted via executive order, that federal workers refrain from using illegal substances. Subsequent federal legislation required drug testing within the executive branch of government as well as "safety sensitive" occupations within the trucking, mass transit, rail, airline, marine, and oil and gas pipeline sectors. Drug testing guidelines and processes, for federally mandated drug testing, are established and regulated (by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration/ SAMHSA, formerly under the direction of the National Institute on Drug Abuse / NIDA. Referred to as the NIDA-5, or standard SAMHSA five panel test, the laboratory based urine test includes marijuana, opiates (codeine and heroin), amphetamine/methamphetamine, and PCP. Unfortunately, these test classes were established decades